Arrows

Any continuous sequence of characters beginning with the `` $<$ '' character or ending with the `` $>$ '' character, appearing in the [mechanism] section, is interpreted as an arrow. There are three types of arrows that can appear in the reaction mechanism.

Single-sided arrows represent either an irreversible step or a part (either left-to-right or right-to-left reaction) in a reversible step.
Double-sided arrows represent reversible steps which might participate in rapid equilibria, where rapid equilibrium computation is requested (see section ...).
Double-sided arrows with asterisk represent reversible steps which do not participate in rapid equilibria, even if rapid equilibrium computation was requested.

Examples of single-sided arrows:

   ->   -->  ----->  ----------->
   <-   <--  <----
   =>   ==>  =====>  ===========>
   <=   <==  <====

Examples of double-sided arrows:

   <->   <-->  <----->  <----------->
   <=>   <==>  <=====>  <===========>

Examples of double-sided arrows for reversible steps that do not participate in rapid equilibria:

   <-*->  <--*-->  <-----*----->
   <=*=>  <==*==>  <=====*=====>

Examples of valid but unusual and undesirable notation for arrows in biochemical mechanisms:

   <<===>>    -.-.-.->    <::::>      
   <   ----   >

Examples of invalid notation for arrows:

   - - >    - - - - - >    = = >    ----  >

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Petr Kuzmic | Jul 12 2005